Forestry
24
JULY/AUGUST 2007
There appears to be a lot of mis-
conception about the effective-
ness of reduced impact logging
in the Southeast Asia, as nations
are continuously under scrutiny
for their harvesting practices. In
this report, Dr. Jegatheswaran
Ratnasingam gives an independ-
ent assessment of the effective-
ness of RIL practices in SEA, and
its challenges.
I
n recent years, a great deal
of attention has focused on
reduced impact logging (RIL), as
most Southeast Asian countries,
especially Malaysia and Indonesia,
move toward sustainable forest
management. While there are some
who insist that the only way to
protect forests from destruction is to
ban all forms of timber harvesting,
economists have been quick to
point out that if timber production
were to cease, tropical forests would
be viewed by many governments
and individuals as a resource of
little value, perhaps more logically
and profitably converted to their
productive uses. Hence, there are a
growing number of pragmatists who
promote the improved management of
the majority of the world’s forest that
will likely remain outside protected
forest areas. They contend that
improved logging can greatly reduce
damage to forests, and help maintain
a natural resource whose productive
and sustainable use is important to
many national economies.
However, even proponents
of RIL recognize that RIL alone
will not bring about sustainable
forest management – it may be a
necessary condition, but it is not a
sufficient one. There are a number
of linkages between RIL and other
necessary conditions for sustainable
forest management. The existing
linkages between RIL, illegal logging,
profitability of logging operations
and forest law enforcement must be
addressed. The link between illegal
logging and RIL may not be readily
obvious, since the application of
RIL neither stops illegal logging nor
the trade of illegally cut timber. The
links only become apparent when
examining the impediments to the
adoption of RIL, and in particular,
the effects that illegal logging has
no profitability and decision making
by forest concessionaires.
The principles of Reduced Im-
pact Logging (RIL)
RIL is actually a package of practices
and technologies. RIL is nothing
new for the most part; it is simply
the transfer of well-established
approaches from temperate forests
to the tropics. Although practices
vary somewhat according to local
conditions and circumstances, RIL
generally includes the following:
(1) Pre-harvest inventory and mapping
of individual crop trees.
(2) Pre-harvest planning of roads,
skid trails and landings to provide
access to the harvest area and
to the individual trees scheduled
for harvest while minimizing soil
disturbances and protecting
streams and waterways with
appropriate crossings.
(3) Pre-harvest vine cutting in areas
where vines bridge across tree
crowns.
(4) The use of appropriate felling and
bucking techniques, including
directional felling, cutting stumps
low to the ground to avoid waste,
and optimal crosscutting of tree
stems into logs in a way that
will maximize recovery of useful
wood.
(5) Construction of roads, landings
and skid trails so that they adhere
to engineering and environmental
design guidelines.
(6) Winching logs to planned skid
trails and ensuring that skidding
machines remain on the skid
trails at all times.
(7) Where feasible, utilizing yarding
systems that protect soils and
residual vegetation by suspending
logs above the ground.
(8) Conducting a post-harvest
assessment in order to provide
feedback to the concession
holder and logging crews and
to evaluate the degree to which
RIL guidelines were successfully
applied.
On this account, it is clear that
RIL involves systematic harvesting
operation, which ensures minimal
damage to the forest stand. However,
the opponents of RIL have argued
that RIL will incur higher costs, and
therefore, the benefits to be gained
are indeed minimal.
Benefits of RIL
When properly applied, these
techniques can have dramatic
results. A recent review of more
than 200 studies and articles on
RIL and conventional logging in
tropical forests revealed the following
environmental benefits from RIL:
The effectiveness of Reduced
Impact Logging: A review of its
status in Southeast Asia